Amazon’s security researchers say a hacking group tied to North Korea targeted small, little-noticed software packages more than a year before it struck one of the internet’s most widely used programming tools.
The company’s threat intelligence team said Wednesday at a media roundtable at its Arlington, Va., offices that the same group linked to the recent compromise of the open-source axios software library also planted malicious code in a package called typo-crypto in March 2025, a full year before the axios breach. Researchers found the connection while tracing domain records tied to the axios attack back to earlier activity.
“We believe the March 2025 typo-crypto campaign was a rehearsal,” said CJ Moses, Amazon’s chief information security officer, adding that the target’s small scale let the group test its methods “without putting that on the big stage.”
Amazon said the group also compromised two other packages, debug and chalk, in September 2025. Until now, those three incidents had not been publicly linked to the same actor. Security researchers track the group under several names, including UNC1069, Sapphire Sleet and Stardust Chollima.
Axios, debug and chalk are code libraries used by software developers around the world to build applications. Axios alone is downloaded more than 100 million times a week. “That number represents real organizations putting real code into production systems every single week,” Moses said.
In the typo-crypto case, the malicious file was named “core.js” and was made to look like a legitimate, unrelated package called core-js. Amazon said the file activated only when it received a specific numeric input, then reached out to a server controlled by the attackers to download a second piece of code. That second stage was written differently depending on whether the infected computer ran Windows, macOS or Linux. The code combined encoded text with a cipher, a method Moses said was meant to slow down analysis, including by AI-based review tools, without relying on heavy encryption.
Amazon said the typo-crypto package had few downloads compared with axios, debug or chalk. Researchers believe that initial target served as practice, letting the group refine its approach before turning to more widely used software. “They did what a lot of people do: crawl, walk, run,” Moses said.
In each of the four cases, Amazon said, the attackers built a relationship with a maintainer who already had access to a package, then used that access to publish an update containing hidden code. “They didn’t break through a window,” Moses said. “They basically earned the trust of an employee to hand them the keys.”
Cybersecurity firm Wiz separately found that about 1 in 10 cloud computing environments were affected by the debug and chalk incident within a two-hour span, a finding Moses cited to illustrate how fast the impact spread. “Going from there not being a vulnerability, to there being a vulnerability, to there being an exploited vulnerability … used to be days to weeks. Now it’s hours to minutes,” he said.
Rick Anthony, senior engineering manager at Amazon Web Services, said the research further shows how attackers face two basic problems in these types of incidents: getting malicious code into a package that will eventually run inside an organization, and keeping that code hidden from developers or security tools. He said groups are increasingly building reputations as legitimate contributors over time.
“Let me get my package deployed in as many places as possible so that I can spring the trap later,” said Anthony, describing the mindset behind the approach.
Researchers said generative AI has made it easier for attackers to produce code, documentation and contribution histories that look authentic. Anthony also described a technique in which attackers register package names that AI coding tools sometimes generate by mistake, so a developer following an AI suggestion could install malicious software without making any typing error of their own.
The findings come two years after a separate incident involving a program called xz-utils, in which an attacker spent time gaining the trust of the software’s maintainers before inserting a backdoor. Moses pointed to that case as an early example of a pattern now appearing “at scale” and tied to a nation-state.
Since that incident, separate groups have been running roughshod over open-source software. Another group known as TeamPCP has compromised and injected malicious code into more than 1,000 software packages over a four-month span this year.
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